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Additional information on exotic species is available online from IAGLR, including scientific articles in the Journal of Great Lakes Research and contact information for experts.

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VI. References

Ahlstedt, SA. 1994. Invasion and impacts of the zebra mussel in the United States. J. Shellfish Res. 13:333.

Brister, D.J., and Kapuscinski, A.R. 2002. Environmental assessment tool for aquaculture in the Great lakes Basin. Version 1.2. Great Lakes Fishery Commission Misc. Rept. (online) URL http://www.glfc.org/pubs/pub.htm#misc

Carlton, J.T. and J.B. Geller. 1993. Ecological Roulette: the global transport of nonindigenous marine organisms. Science 261: 78-82.

Colautti, R., A. Niimi, van Overdijk, C.D.A., E.L. Mills, K. Holeck, and H.J. MacIsaac. 2002. Spatial and temporal analysis of shipping vectors to the Great Lakes. In G.M. Ruiz and J.T. Carlton (eds.), Bioinvasions: Pathways, Vectors, and Management Strategies. Island Press, Washington, D.C. (in press).

Cristescu, M., J. Witt, P.D.N. Hebert, H.J. MacIsaac and I.A. Grigorovich. 2001. An invasion history for Cercopagis pengoi based on mitochondrial gene sequences. Limnol. Oceanogr. 46: 224-229.

Dermott, R. and D. Kerec. 1997. Changes to the deep-water benthos of eastern Lake Erie since the invasion of Dreissena: 1979 to 1993. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 54:922-930.

Dermott, R. 2001. Sudden disappearance of the amphipod Diporeia from eastern Lake Ontario, 1993-1995. J. Gt. Lakes Res. 27: 423-433.

Dickman, M. and F. Zhang. 1999. Mid-ocean exchange of container vessel ballast water. 2: effects of vessel type in the transport of diatoms and dinoflagellates from Manzanillo, Mexico, to Hong Kong, China. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 176: 253-262.

Ferguson, R. 2000. The effectiveness of Australia's response to the Black striped mussel incursion in Darwin, Australia. A report of the Pest Management Workshop, 27-28 August 1999. The Department of Environment and Heritage, Canberra, Australia.

Galil, B.S. and N. Hülsmann. 1997. Protist transport via ballast water - biological classification of ballast tanks by food web interactions. Eur. J. Protistol. 33:244-253.

Grigorovich, Colautti, Mills, Holeck and MacIsaac. Ballast-mediated animal introductions in the Laurentian Great Lakes: retrospective and prospective analyses. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. (in review)

Haack, R.A. and T.M. Poland. 2001. Evolving management strategies for a recently discovered exotic forest pest: the pine shoot beetle Tomicus piniperda (Colepotera). Biol. Invasions 3:307-322.

Hallegraeff, G.M. and C.J. Bosch. 1992. Transport of diatom and dinoflagellate resting spores in ships' ballast water: implications for plankton biogeography and aquaculture. J. Plankton Res. 14:1067-1084.

Hamer, J.P., T.A. McCollin, and I.A. N. Lucas. 2000. Dinoflagellate cysts in ballast tank sediments: Between tank variability. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 40:731-733.

Hebert, P.D.N. and M. Cristescu. 2002. Crustaceans, invasions and genes. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 59:1229-1234.

Locke, A., D.M. Reid, H.C. van Leeuwen, W.G. Sprules, and J.T. Carlton. 1993. Ballast water exchange as a means of controlling dispersal of freshwater organisms by ships. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 50:2086-2093.

Lozano, S.J., J. V. Scharold, and T.F. Nalepa. 2001. Recent declines in benthic marcoinvertebrate densities in Lake Ontario. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 58: 518-529.

MacIsaac, H.J., I.A. Grigorovich and A. Ricciardi. 2001. Reassessment of species invasions concepts: the Great Lakes basin as a model. Biol. Invasions 3:405-416.

Mills, E.L., J.H. Leach, J.T. Carlton, and C.L. Secor. 1993. Exotic species in the Great Lakes: a history biotic crises and anthropogenic introductions. J. Gt. Lakes Res. 19: 1-54.

Nalepa, T. F. 1994. Decline of native unionid bivalves in Lake St. Clair after infestation by the zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 51:2227-2233.

Nalepa, T.F., D.J. Hartson, D.L. Fanslow, G.A. Lang, and S.J. Lozano. 1998. Declines in benthic macroinvertebrate populations in southern Lake Michigan, 1980-1993. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 55: 2402-2413.

Pimentel, D. L. Lach, R. Zuniga, and D. Morrison. 2000. Environmental and economic costs of nonindigenous species in the United States. BioScience 50: 53-65.

Rasmussen, J. L. 2002. The Asian carp threat to the upper Mississippi and Great Lakes ecosystems. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Rock Island, IL.

Ricciardi, A. 2001 Facilitative interactions among aquatic invaders: is an "invasional meltdown" occurring in the Great Lakes? Can. J. Fish Aquat. Sci. 58:1-13.

Ricciardi, A. and J.B. Rasmussen. 1999. Extinction rates of North American freshwater fauna. Conserv. Biol. 13:1220-1222.

Rigby, G. R. and G. M. Hallegraeff. 1994. The transfer and control of harmful marine organisms in shipping ballast water: behavior of marine plankton and ballast water exchange trials on the MV "Iron Whyalla". J. Mar. Environ. Eng. 1: 91-110.

Sala, O.E., F.S. Chapin, III, J. Armesto, E. Berlow, J. Bloomfield, R. Dirzo, E. Huber-Sanwald, L.F. Huenneke, R.B. Jackson, A. Kinzig, R.S. Leeman, D.M. Lodge, H.A. Mooney, M. Oesterheld, N.L. Poff, M.T. Sykes, B.H. Walker, M. Walker, and D.H. Wall. 2000. Global biodiversity scenarios for the year 2100. Science 287: 1770-1774.

Schloesser, D. and T. F. Nalepa. 1994. Dramatic decline of unionid bivalves in offshore waters of western Lake Erie after infestation by the zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 51:2234-2242.

Smith, L. D., M. J. Wonham, L. D. McCann, D. M. Reid, G. R. Ruiz, and J. T. Carlton. 1996. Shipping study II: biological invasions by nonindigenous species in United States waters: quantifying the role of ballast water and sediments, parts I and II. The National Sea Grant College Program/Connecticut Sea Grant Project R/ES-6, Report No. CG-D-02-97, Government Accession No. AD-A321543. Department of Transportation, United States Coast Guard, Washington, D. C., and Groton, Connecticut, 137 pp.

Taylor, M. D. and E. J. Bruce. 2000. Mid Ocean Ballast Water Exchange: Shipboard Trials of Methods for Verifying Efficiency. Cawthron Report No. 524, Nelson, 59 pp.

Union of Concerned Scientists. 2001. The science of invasive species. Cambridge, MA, 12 pages; Available on their website: http://www.ucsusa.org/index.html, Biodiversity Issue area (April 1, 2002).

U.S. Coast Guard. 2002. Standards for Living Organisms in Ship's Ballast Water Discharged in U.S. Waters. Advanced notice of proposed rulemaking; request for comments. Federal Register, 67 (42) 9632-9638.

U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment. 1993. Harmful nonindigenous species in the United States. OTA-F-565. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

Vanderploeg, H.A., J.R. Liebig, W.W. Carmichael, M.A. Agy, T.H. Johegen, G.L. Fahnenstiel, and T.F. Nalepa. 2001. Zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) selective filtration promoted toxic Microcysts blooms in Saginaw Bay (Lake Huron) and Lake Erie. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 58: 1208-1221.

Withgott, J. 2002. California tries to rub out the monster of the lagoon. Science 295: 2201-2202.

Zhang, F. and M. Dickman. 1999. Mid-ocean exchange of container vessel ballast water. 1: seasonal factors affecting the transport of harmful diatoms and dinoflagellates. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 176: 243-25.

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